The Ottoman Empire History - A Muslim Empire (One of the Longest Time Period Empire)

The Ottoman Empire (or the Ottoman Caliphate from 1517 to 1924) was a Muslim empire established from 1299 to 1922, ruled by the Turks. In its heyday (16th - 17th century), the empire was spread over three continents, and most of southern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa were under its control. The boundaries of this great empire extend to the Strait of Gibraltar in the west, the Caspian Sea and Gulf of Persia in the east and the Austrian borders in the north, Slovakia and Crimea (present-day Ukraine) to the south, Sudan, Somalia and Yemen. In addition to the archetypes of Moldova, Transylvania and Valachia, it had 29 provinces.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the prostitutes of Anatolia spread, and various chiefs formed their own sovereign states, called Ghazi Emirates. By 1300, most of their provinces located in the Byzantine Empire, Anatolia, lost their hands to the Ghazi emirates. One of these emirates was located in the western city of Anatolia in the area of ​​his city, whose chief was Osman I. It is said that when Arghagharl emigrated to Anatolia, he saw two armies intermingled, one of them large and the other inferior, and on account of his natural compassionate nature, Arghaghar supported the small army and 400 princes. Jumped on the battlefield with And the army approaching defeat was able to turn the tide of war with this sudden relief. The army that Artaghurl assisted was actually an Army of the Salazar-Rome, who was in contact with the Christians, and in view of Artaghler's services to this victory, he was given a manor near his city. After the death of Arghagharl in 1281, the head of this manger came into the hands of Usman I, who declared his sovereignty from the Seljuq dynasty in 1299 and laid the foundation of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire extended the boundaries of this small empire to the borders of the Byzantine Empire and after the conquest, the capital moved to Bursa. The Ottomans are highly regarded in the first Turks. In fact, he was highly regarded. Along with the mujahid of the day and the night of the abyss, there were also eminent gentlemen, straightforward, hospitable, generous, and compassionate human beings. Their reign led to the strengthening of the foundations of the Ottoman Empire. These were the strongest bases of the Ottomans that, within a century after their death, the Ottoman Empire expanded to the eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. This great series of conquest of the empire continued with the successors of the Ottomans, but in 1402 Timur Ling attacked Anatolia and the Ottoman Sultan Bayazid Yelderm was captured and defeated, but it was the Ottoman Empire that he ended his empire. Not only restored but conquered within a few decades the greatest victory in history, such as Constantinople. This raised the dignity of the Ottomans worldwide. The restoration of the Ottoman Empire goes to the head of Bayazid Elderm's son, Mohammed I, who is known by the Turks as "Mohammed Chelbi" because of his high moral qualities. Victory is the most beautiful chapter in the history of Constantinople, especially the Ottomans. On May 29, 1453, under the leadership of 21-year-old Sultan Mohammad Sani, the army conquered the great city and made it its capital. Thus Mohammed Caesar became Rome and the title signified his intention that the Ottomans would soon occupy Rome, and to achieve these goals, the Ottoman forces landed on the peninsula Italia in 1480 and the cities of Oratorto and Apulia. Occupied, but with the death of Mohammed Fateh in 1481, the conquest of Italy ended.

This period of Ottoman history can be divided into two different periods: a period of regional, economic and cultural growth until 1566, followed by a period of military and political stagnation.

Conquest of Constantinople in 1453 led to the emergence of the Ottoman Empire as a great force in southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean, and by 1566 began a long period of conquest in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The reason for these victories was the standard discipline of the army and the modern military, in which the use of ammunition and the role of the strong navy was very important. The most important role in the economy of the state was trade as all the land and sea routes of trade between Europe and Asia passed through the Ottoman Empire. Subsequently, other great sultans played important role in spreading the borders of the empire, the name of Salem I, who drew attention to the east and the south, and defeated Shah Ismail Safvi of the Safavid Empire in the Battle of Chaldean and the Ottoman government in Egypt. established. Solomon's successor (1520 to 1566), the successor of Salem, expanded the empire in the west, and after the conquest of Belgrade in 1521, the Ottomans ravaged Hungary and other Central European territories through the War Mohawks in 1526. He then besieged Vienna in 1529, but due to the cold weather and strong resistance of the inhabitants of the city, the siege failed, so that the waves of the Ottoman storm hit the walls of Vienna and the borders of the Ottoman Empire to Central Europe. Could never move beyond this city. During Solomon's reign, Transylvania, Valachia and Moldova became Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottomans recaptured Baghdad from Iran and captured the Mediterranean and gained naval access to the Persian Gulf. During the periods of Salem and Solomon, the Ottoman Navy became the world's largest naval force that conquered most of the Mediterranean regions. The most important of these victories was that of the Ottoman Prince Amir al-Khairuddin Pasha Barbarossa, who during the reign of Sulaiman achieved many outstanding military victories. Notable are the victories of Tunisia and Algeria against Spain and the transfer of Muslims and Jews to the Ottoman land safely after the Fall and the victory of Nice against the Holy Roman Empire in 1543. The growing strength of Western European powers, especially the Portuguese Gulf of Persia and the Indian Ocean, in the 16th century created severe difficulties for the Ottoman navy. As the Ottomans blocked the east and south routes, European forces were looking for new routes to Asia. And discover new routes to India and China.

Solomon's death in 1566 proved to be the beginning of the end of regional conquests. The emergence of Western Europe's empires as a naval force and the discovery of alternative routes from Europe to Asia and the "new world" (US) have caused a great deal of damage to the Ottoman economy. At a critical time when the Ottoman Empire needed awakened brain rulers, it unfortunately had to endure a long period of unruly rulers, which caused severe damage to the country on the internal and military fronts. Despite all these difficulties, the conquest of the empire continued until Vienna in 1683, but after that war the expansion of empire in Europe was completely abolished. In addition to the discovery of new trade routes from Western Europe, the arrival of large amounts of silver from Spain into the "New World" led to a sharp decline in the value of Ottoman coins. During the Salem Secondary period, Prime Minister Mohamed Pasha Soukouli offered plans to build the Suez Canal and the Don-Volga Canal to stabilize the economy but could not be implemented. The Catholic forces, led by the Allies, formed an alliance to harm the Ottoman navy in the Mediterranean. The defeat of the Battle of Lipanto in 1571 led to the immediate collapse of the Empire's leadership in the Mediterranean. Therefore, many historians have described defeat in the war as a sign of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, by the end of the 16th century, the golden period of victories and victories was over. There are several reasons for the Ottomans to stop going to a specific location, because of the geographical features in the ancient past, which prevented the Ottoman army from going to Vienna during the war season from the early spring to the end of autumn. Could have Other reasons include simultaneous warfare against two different rivals (Austria's European rulers in Europe and Asia's Safavid rulers) on both sides of the border. Moreover, the intellectual, mental and military stagnation marked the fall of the Ottomans because the use of modern weapons in the military was the cause of widespread and rapid conquest, and the growing stereotypes of the religious and intellectual elite led the modern European military. The technology left the Ottomans far behind. Annie Cherry, from whom all the forces of Europe were shaking, became comfortable and caused the destruction of the state by interfering with the country's political affairs. Murad IV (1612 to 1640), who snatched the Yerevan (1635) and Baghdad (1639) from the Safavids, was the only ruler of this period who strengthened the empire politically and militarily. Murad IV was the last Sultan who led the forces himself. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the Jalali Rebellion (1519-1616) and the Annie Cherry Rebellion (1622) promoted large scale lawlessness and corruption in Anatolia and led to the abolition of several governments. Thus, the 17th century was a century of stagnation and decline for the Ottomans. The interference and influence of the affairs of the Haram during the period from 1530 to 1660 cannot be ignored, in which the most important role was the mothers of the young Sultan. Notable women of this era include Khurram Sultan, Qasim Sultan and Tarkhan Khadaj and others.

During the period of stagnation, many areas of the Balkans were occupied by Austrians. Several areas of the state, such as Egypt and Algeria, became fully sovereign and eventually the empire was occupied by Britain and France. During the 17th to 19th centuries, a number of wars were fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, known as the Turkish Russia Wars. This long period of stagnation of the Ottomans has been termed by historians as a period of failed reform. At the end of this period educational and technological reforms were also made in the state and higher educational institutions such as Istanbul Technical University were established. But even the fiercest opposition to reforms from the religious and military classes of ancient thought called the raids a "devilish invention", which led to the Ottoman raid of the Empire 43 years after the invention of the raid in Europe in 1450. Deprived, but the Jews who were expelled from Spain in 1493 established the first printing press in Istanbul. The distant Lala is called the distant Lala because of the peaceful era of the Sultan Ahmad arbitrator and the love of Gul Lala. The success of the Perth campaign against Russia in 1712, and the subsequent Treaty of Pasarovich, remained peaceful from 1718 to 1730. During this period, the empire fortified the fortresses of various cities in the Balkans, with strong defense against European advance. Other reforms include reduction in revenue; refining the concept and allowing private ownership and investment in the Ottoman Empire overseas. Military reforms in the Ottomans began during the Salem Arbitration (1789-1807), which took important steps to modernize the forces on European lines. However, these measures were openly opposed by the religious leadership and the Annie Cherry Squad, and as a result, Anne Cherry rebelled. And Salem had to bear the brunt of his reforms in the hands of both the government and his life, but his successor, Mahmud Sani, implemented all these reforms, and in 1826, Anne Cherry was abolished.

The historians of the Ottomans also regard the fall as a modern era. During this period the empire defeated on all fronts and its boundaries shrunk, and despite the reforms, the failure of the central government led to administrative instability. During the 19th century nationalism flourished in many countries, including the Ottoman Empire. The curse of racial nationalism was the most important of the Western ideas that came into being during the Ottoman Empire. During this time several revolutionary political parties also came into existence. The spread of nationalism is one of the most important causes of the fall, where there were many other causes of deterioration in the country. During this period Greece gained independence in 1892 and reforms did not stop the nationalism in the Danube's emirates, and for six decades, semi-autonomous regions Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Valachia and Moldova also gained independence from the empire in 1875. After the Russian-Turkish War of 1877, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro were granted regular independence, and Bulgaria was given sovereignty, although other Balkan states continued to be under Ottoman occupation. In the same period of the fall, a Jewish Jew from Serbia, Soliman Alkalai, proposed the return to Zion and Israel's liberation. During the period (1839 to 1876) a series of constitutional reforms was introduced, which resulted in the adoption of a relatively modern army, banking system reforms, and the establishment of modern factories. In 1856, through the letter Humayun, it was declared equal status for all Ottoman citizens, irrespective of race or religion. Christian minorities were also given special rights, such as the Armenian National Constitution, adopted under the 150-rule law enacted by the Armenian intelligentsia in 1863. The most important aspect of this period of reform was the constitution, which was written by the young Usman and was enacted on November 23, 1876. Through this, freedom of expression and equality were provided for all citizens in the eyes of the law. The First Constitutional Period of the Empire (Ottoman Turkish Language: Bجیrnj مش یتیتیتیتیتیت د د د د رہا) رہا رہا) was short-lived, but the doctrine that resulted in it was that according to the reformist group, Usman, who was educated in Western universities, it was the rising of a constitutional monarchy. Can eliminate problems. In 1876, by the military throne, Sultan Abdul Aziz (1861 to 1876), withdrew in favor of the fifth. Murat was the fifth mentally disabled and was removed from office within a few months. His potential successor, Abdul Hamid Sani (1876 to 1909), was invited to take over the condition that he would recognize the constitutional monarchy, which he also acted on November 23, 1876. But the parliament lasted only two years, and the Sultan suspended him and was subsequently pressured to summon him. However, the effects of the law were substantially reduced. During this period the empire faced serious threats to its defense against external aggression and occupation. In 1798, France occupied Egypt. After the defeat of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877, the State of Cyprus had to be extradited to Britain in 1878 in support of the Congress in Berlin. The empire was unable to resolve its own problems and, through the intervention and alliance of various European countries, its problems were resolved, for example the war in which the Ottomans united Russia and Britain with France. Although it was called "the sick man of Europe" during that period, the economic empire's ill-will was not due to its developing economy, but rather to the cultural space that separated it from the European powers. Economic problems were actually due to non-issues such as external imperialism and emerging internal nationalism.

The Second Constitutional Period (Ottoman Turkish Language: Akanji Conditional Distance) led to the final dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. During this period, the politics of unity and development are prominent in the movement of the youth and the cause of the Turks. The Young Turkish Revolution began on July 3, 1908, and soon the movement spread throughout the empire, and the Sultan had to announce the restoration of the Constitution of 1876 and call for parliament. In the constitutional period, the counterclaim of 1909 and the incident occurred during the counter-revolution of March 31, with which the reign of Sultan Abdul-Hameed Sani was abolished and deported, and his brother, Muhammad Fifth, was replaced. Seated on. In 1908, Austria-Hungary formally annexed occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina, taking advantage of the Ottoman situation in the Ottoman Empire during the Turkish Revolution. Austria-Hungary occupied it after the Russian Turkish War of 1877 and the Berlin Congress (1878). During the Ottoman Turkish Wars, the Balkan League comprising Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria declared a declaration war against the Ottoman Empire, which resulted in the Ottoman Empire facing the Balkan War (1912-1913) and the Balkan peninsula. Many areas have to be washed. Wars in Libya and the Balkans on the peninsula were the first major test of unity and development. In the Ottoman Turkish wars, the Empire also had to hand over Libya. It was the first war in which planes were used for the first time on the battlefield in the world. Established at the end of the 19th century, the Balkan states also sought additional territories from the Ottoman provinces of Albania, Macedonia, and Thrace (Trakaya) on ethnic and national basis. Initially an agreement was reached between Serbia and Bulgaria in March 1912 and Greece and Bulgaria in May 1912, in which Russia played a mediator. The Serbian-Bulgarian agreement demanded the division of Macedonia, which became the most important cause of the First Balkan War. The main reason for the start of the Second Balkan War was the disputes arising over the division of newly acquired territories into former Balkan allies, from which the Ottoman Empire took full advantage and re-conquered several areas in Thrace. The political consequences of the Balkan War were the result of the 1913 throne and the rule of the three pillars.

The German authority on the Baghdad Railway in the First World War was an important issue of international tension. The Ottoman Empire took part in the Middle East field of World War I, mainly because of the Turkish German Alliance. The Ottomans gained two important victories in the early stages of the war, the war-torn Poli and the besieged Kot, but it also came with several blows, such as a devastating Caucasus campaign against Russia. The Russian Revolution of 1917 provided the Ottomans with a chance to wash away and gain lost territory, and the Ottoman forces succeeded in achieving Azerbaijan in the closing stages of the war, but at the end of the war, they had to overcome these victories. One of the controversial and important events in the conflict was the alleged massacre and deportation of millions of Armenian people by Turkish authorities, Ottoman forces, and Kurdish fighters in Wan province, and the resistance of Armenian residents to it. A central Armenian resistance group announced the establishment of an independent interim government in May 1915, and the Ottomans considered it an attempt to support the invading Russian forces in eastern Anatolia. By the end of 1917, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation established the Republic of Armenia, which consisted of survivors of the Armenian genocide. It should be noted that the Turkish government does not believe in the massacre of Armenian people. For more details see The Armenian Massacre The two main causes of the defeat of the Ottomans in the First World War were the invasion of the main targets of British forces under Edmund Allenby and the Arab uprising. Among them, the Arab uprising is considered one of the biggest reasons for the defeat of the Ottoman Empire. The campaigns for the Arab uprising began with Sharif Makkah Hussein's help from Britain to Mecca in June 1916 and ended with the throwing of Ottoman weapons into Damascus. Fakhri Pasha, the Ottoman commander of Madinah, fought for more than two and a half years in the siege of Medina.

As a result of the war, the partition of the Ottoman Empire began on October 30, 1918, 13 days after the capture of Constantinople through the Treaty of Madras. And later, by treaty sewage, the Ottoman occupation of the Middle East was handed over to the United Kingdom and France, while the Mediterranean coastal areas were linked to Italy, the Turkish Aegean coasts to Greece, and the Strait of Bosphorus and the Mediterranean as international allies. Handed over to the forces. At the same time, the expansion of the Republic of Armenia into eastern Anatolia constituted Wilsonian Armenia, which was the ancient homeland of the Armenians, but the Turks and Kurds settled in these areas. Britain very cleverly and secretly signed a secret treaty with France called Psychos-Picot for the partition of the Middle East. The capture of Istanbul and Izmir led to the formation of the Turkish National Movement and the beginning of war liberation led by Mustafa Kamal Pasha and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey were announced. The Turkish National Movement, led by Mustafa Kemal, announced the establishment of the "National Assembly of the Supreme" (Turkish language: the foolish Mutat Majlisi) in Ankara on April 23, 1920, which refused to recognize the Ottoman government in Istanbul and foreign occupation in Turkey. done. Turkish revolutionaries withdrew the troops of Greece, Italy and France from Anatolia through a public army. As a result of the treaty, the territory which the Republic of Armenia had regained was also recaptured, and the threat of British troops occupying the strait. Eventually the Turkish revolutionaries took over the Strait and Istanbul and on November 1, 1922 announced the end of the Ottoman Empire. The last Sultan Muhammad Shashim Wahiduddin (1861 to 1926) left the country on November 17, 1922, and under the Treaty of Logan was officially recognized on July 24, 1923, in the Turkish Republic. A few months later, on March 3, 1924, the abolition of the Khilafah was announced and the Sultan and his family were deported as unwanted personalities. 50 years later, in 1974, the Turkish National Assembly allowed the former royal family to return, granting Turkish citizenship. As a result of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the number of new countries established (including the disputed Northern Turkish Republic of Cyprus) becomes 40 at that time.

After the Ottoman Turks entered Asia Koch, they founded a kingdom that took the form of the world's largest and most powerful empire in three hundred years, and its main role was the Turkish nation's heroic and organizational ability. As a result, a vast and enduring empire such as the Ottoman Empire was formed. Since the Ottoman sultans had adopted the system of the Saljuks, the rulers were chosen by the family and the head of the family was the king. As far as practical politics was concerned, the king was the source of absolute power and all powers, but not all his actions were in line with his wishes. He was obliged to the law, the system and the customs, and bowed before the law. Islamic laws had the upper hand in almost all matters and the king could exercise his power and authority within the limits of the Shariah. Since the sovereignty was ruled by the king, when the weak Sultan came, the affairs of the empire began to function, but the orders were still issued by the Sultan. In the beginning the Ottoman rulers used to call themselves Bagh and Ghazi. Bayazid was the first Ottoman ruler who took the title of Sultan and Salem I became the first Ottoman Caliph after Fateh Egypt. Until the time of Sultan Suleiman's rule, the high command of the army was in the hands of the Sultan and he himself participated in the war, but it was not the method of the later rulers that damaged the dignity of the Sultan.

The Supreme Council of the Sultan's name was Deewan and it was very important in the central system. Initially, the Sultan presided over the Diwan himself, but later Sultans stopped coming to the Diwan and the system did not belong to the Sultan's authority. The permanent members of the Diwan were:

These four top officials of the central system were the main pillars of the empire. Muhammad Fateh clarified these pillars in his constitution and regarded the empire as a tent whose president was called Baba Aali, and it was considered to be his last court. The name of the presidential gate became so well known that the Ottoman durbar became known worldwide as "Bab Aali".

After the Sultan in the central system of government, the second most important position was the Prime Minister, who was called an important member of the Diwan. In the early years there was only a minister, but after his increasing number, one of them became the Prime Minister who then became the Prime Minister. During the reign of the powerful sultanate, the prime minister acted as adviser to the sultan. Under the Prime Minister, the Ministers of War and Home, in the absence of the Prime Minister, used to have a permanent office, the Foreign Minister, who was called Chief of Officers and Mir Darbar. There are several names in the post of the Prime Minister whose services are unforgettable for the Ottoman system, of which the Kopreli family is notable. This post remained in the Ottoman Empire from 1368 to 1922, for 554 years, with 211 (or 215) presidents, the majority being non-Turkish and consisting of Arab, Albanian, Russian, Cherkasy, Greek, Armenian and Slavic nations. People were included, but no non-Muslim was ever made Prime Minister. The Sultan himself was appointed by the Prime Minister.

It had its original status as a military judge, and it was given a position after Shaykh-ul-Islam. The Qazi was appointed by the Sultan himself. The Qazi troops were two for the European and the other Asian occupations called Qazi troops Romelia and Qazi soldiers Anatolia respectively.

The office-bearer was actually the Minister of Finance, responsible for all financial matters.

Shamshi was also responsible for finances, but he had many other issues, including royal sealing, registration of land matters, correction of errors and arrangements, sending frames to rulers and semi-autocratic rulers. Shamshi also worked on the preparation of all the official papers and then recorded the Sultan's letter on the papers. The Ottoman Empire was based on a powerful system of governance, and its special principles were the most important choice of candidates, rigorous supervision of education and training, complete discipline and vigorous competition, and on the basis of which The candidate could progress to the highest position based on his abilities. Thus, it was as if the royal family was the one in which racial discrimination was recognized as the basis for competence for all other positions.

The Ottoman Empire was spread over three continents, and for administrative matters the empire was divided into large sections called the "kingdom." The states were divided into Sanjak, Sanjak Kaja and Kaja in Kauai. The provinces were formerly called states, which were later subdivided into provinces, whereas the status of Sanjak was similar to that of the districts. The rulers of the provinces were called Bellerbe or Pasha and the district governors were Sanjak Bay. There were two types of clerical rulers: a prince and a prince. During the rule of Solomon, the empire was divided into 21 provinces and 250 generals. Each province had a council, with its president there. The qazah consisted of a large city or a few towns adjacent to it, and its ruler was a superior subashi, an army officer. Villages and towns were all included in the well. Non-military matters, especially Sharia and legal matters, were entrusted to the judge.

The economic system of the empire was based on its geography as all the trade routes between the East and the West passed through this empire on three continents. It was through these trade highways that she paid so much in revenue that she became one of the major economic forces of the world in her time. European forces launched naval expeditions to fight the Ottoman Empire, and when Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492, the Ottoman Empire was at its peak. The basis for the change in relations between Central Europe and the Ottomans was the discovery of new ships and possibly the fall of the Ottoman Empire as European forces began to take other routes instead of the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Causing a financial deterioration. The empire was divided into the following types of countries:

The areas that were directly under the government were divided into sects, and each of these districts had a separate law of custody based on the agreements that were made at the time of the conquest. The land was divided into the Ottoman Empire for taxes as follows:

The common name of all the commuters was tribute; it included jizya, livelihood and income generation. The welfare and prosperity of the concession was the establishment of the sultanate and non-Muslim concessionaire was not charged with any illegal income other than Jizya.

The Ottoman army was the most advanced army in the world of its time, and was the first army to start using landmines. In addition, he used swords, spears, arrows and other conventional weapons. After the victories in Kosovo in 1389 and Nicholas in 1396, Ottoman forces swept Central Europe under their feet, and Hungary was conquered by the conquest of the Mohawks in 1526 and Vienna twice in 1529 and 1683. Also besieged. In addition, they were the first army to hire foreign specialists and their officers were sent to Western European countries for training.