Mehmoud Ghaznavi

History of Mehmoud Ghaznavi Biography-The deeds of Mahmud Ghaznavi by Umair Ahmad

Mahmoud Ghaznavi:-

Yamin al-Dawla Abu al-Qasim Mahmud Ibn Sabkatgin aka Mahmud Ghaznavi (November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030) was the first independent ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire, ruling from 999 to 1030. At the time of his death, his empire had been transformed into a vast military empire, stretching from northwestern Iran to the Punjab in the subcontinent, and across the river to Khwarizm and MakraMahmud continued the bureaucratic, political and cultural traditions of his predecessors, which proved to be the basis for a Persian state in northern India. Its capital, Ghazni, developed into an important cultural, commercial and intellectual center of the Islamic world, almost rivaling the m ain city of Baghdad. Appeals were made to many prominent figures in the capital, such as Al-Biruni and Ferdowsi. He was the first ruler to take the title of Sultan ("Authority"), marking the extent of his power and protecting the ideological connection of the Abbasid caliph. During his reign, he invaded and conquered parts of the Indian subcontinent (east of the Indus River) seventeen times.

ؐMehmood Ghaznavi Early life:-

Mahmoud was born on November 2, 971, in the Ghazni region of Zabulistan (present-day Afghanistan). His father, Sabkatgin, was a Turkish slave commander (Ghulam) who founded the Ghaznavid Empire in 977, on which he ruled Khorasan and Trans-Canal as a subordinate of the Samanids. Mahmoud's mother was the daughter of Alpatgin. Not much is known about Mahmoud's early life. He was a schoolmate of Ahmad Maimandi, a resident of Zabulistan, the Persian capital, and his foster brother.

Family:-

Sabgatgeen married a woman named Kosari Jahan and had sons, Mahmud Ghaznavi and Ismail Ghaznavi, who succeeded him one by one. Mahmud Ghaznavi's sons were Masood Ghaznavi and Muhammad Ghaznavi who succeeded Mahmud Ghaznavi. Mahmud Ghaznavi, too, later became the ruler of the empire. His sister, Sattar-ul-Ma'ali, was married to Mahmud bin Ataullah Alvi, also known as Ghazi Salar Sahoo, whose son was Ghazi Syed Salar Masood. Mahmoud's partner was Georgian slave Malik Ayaz, and his love for poetry influenced poems and stories.

Early career:-

In 994, Mahmud joined his father Sabkatgin in capturing Khurasan from the rebel Fayek with the help of the Samanid Emir, Noah II. During this period, the Samanid Empire became extremely unstable, and with the change in the internal political waves, various groups struggled to control it, the most important of which were Abul Qasim Samjuri, Faiq, Abu Ali, General Bakhtuzin and the neighboring Al Buwayh. And the Qarakhanids.

leadership:-

Sabkatgin died in 997 and was succeeded by his son Ismail Ghaznavi as ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire. It is unknown at this time what he will do after leaving the post. The reason for this is that Shah Ismail's mother is the daughter of Alpatgin, the old owner of Sabkatgin. Mahmud soon revolted, and with the help of his other brother, Abul Zafar, the governor of Lashkar Gah, he defeated Ismail in the battle of Ghazni the following year and took control of the Ghaznavid Empire. This year, in 998, Mahmud then traveled to Balkh and met Amir Abu al-Harith Mansour b. Tribute to Noor II. He then appointed Abul Hassan Asfarini as his minister and then left the west for Ghazni to take over Kandahar, after which he went to Lashkar Gah, where he turned it into a military city.

Attacks on India:-

When Sabkatgin died in August 997, Sultan Mahmud, like his father, was the ruler of Neshapur, and Sultan's brother Ismail, who was in Ghazni at the time of his father's death, announced his coronation. Sultan Mahmud first tried to talk to his brother Ismail through correspondence, but when no solution was found, he attacked Ghazni in 998. He overthrew Ismail's government and took over the kingdom of Ghazni. Sultan Mahmud, who is considered one of the great generals of Islamic history, had an army of about one hundred thousand and the army included Arabs, Ghauri, Seljuks, Afghans, Mughals and ten to fifteen thousand Hindu soldiers. As many soldiers were recruited from India. They were mostly Hindus. Their commander was also an Indian, known as the Hindu Commander-in-Chief. The Hindu military officers included a few notable names, Birpal, Chak Nath, Zanash, Bajai Rao and Sohni Rao. The Abbasid Caliph conferred the title of Yamin al-Dawla on Sultan Mahmud in 999, in connection with which the government of Sultan Mahmud's family is also called the Yemeni Empire. Mahmud Ghaznavi built a special city on the desert shores near Herat, Hathinagar, that the warm climate of these regions suited the seasons of India. Then he raised hundreds of elephants brought from India in this city. Along with the elephants, their reformers were also brought from India and thus the elephants became happy in this city. Mahmud Herbers would invade India with the help of these elephants and on his return would send them back to this elephant town near Herat instead of Ghazni. It is important to know the root cause of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, whose greatest cause is the seventeen attacks on India. The area from Lahore to Peshawar in present day Pakistan was under the rule of a Hindu Raja Jayapal. Jayapal and Sultan Mehmood's father Sabkatgin fought a battle in the areas of Peshawar and Jalalabad in 986, in which Jayapal was defeated and Sabkatgin's kingdom spread to Attock along the Indus River. As soon as Sultan Mehmood took over the government Strengthening his empire with small campaigns as far as Peshawar, Raja Jayapal, who was already eager to avenge his defeat, formed a large army and set out to attack Ghazni. In 1001, the armies of Raja Jayapal and Sultan Mahmood clashed near Peshawar. Raja Jayapal was defeated and his entire family was arrested. After negotiations and release in exchange for a hefty ransom, Jayapal returned to Lahore. As Jayapal had sought help from the kings around him before the battle, he surrendered his government to his son Anandpal in a state of great embarrassment after the defeat. A huge pyre was lit near an old banyan tree at one of the gates and burned to death. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni made the second attack in 1004. Bhanda or Bhairah which ruled over the state near the Sutlej river whose king was Baji Rao. The third attack was made on Abul Fateh, the ruler of Multan in 1006 AD, but on the way he clashed with Anand Pal's son Anand Pal on the banks of the Indus. After a fierce battle, Anand Pal was defeated and according to some traditions he sought refuge in Kashmir. ran away. After defeating Anand Pal, Sultan Mahmud turned to Multan and after conquering Multan, it is said that the ruler of Multan appointed Sikh Paul, the grandson of Jayapal, who had converted to Islam. Soon Sultan Mahmood had to go to Multan again where Sikh Pal had revolted. In 1008, the Sultan defeated and deposed Sikh Pal. Meanwhile, Anand Pal, who had been defeated and fled to Kashmir, returned and once again declared war on the Sultan. At the same time, Anand Pal, with the help of the surrounding kings, assembled a large army. In the last days of 1008, war broke out again in the Attock area near the Indus River. After a bloody battle, Anand Pal was defeated again. In the last months of 1009, Sultan Mahmood again invaded India, first conquering the state of Narainpur and then in 1010 annexing the area around Multan. In 1014, the Sultan defeated Anand Pal's son, Lujan Pal, in the area of ​​present-day Kohistan, and further defeated a large army which had come from Kashmir to help Lujan Pal. In 1015, Sultan Mahmud invaded Kashmir but had to return without a fight when the roads were closed due to snowfall. In 1018, Sultan Mahmud first landed his army across the Punjab in the Jumna River region and laid siege to the famous state of Qanooj after conquering Mathura, a Hindu religious site. The king of Qanuj sent a message of peace to the Sultan and accepted to be the Sultan's tax collector. In 1019, Raja Ganda of Kalingar, an adjoining state of Qanuj, attacked Qanuj and killed the Raja. When the news of this reached Sultan Mahmud, he set out to avenge the murder of his submissive Raja What Raja Lojan Pal and Raja Ganda who were defeated by Sultan Mahmood. The two jointly prepared for a major offensive and once again in 1019 the Sultan had to travel to India again to subdue them. As a result, both the kings were defeated and the Hindu Shahi Raja was eliminated from India. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni conquered the northwestern part of the empire and the valleys of the Euphrates between 1020 and 1025. At the same time, Sultan Mahmud was constantly receiving reports from his informants that all the states of northern and central India were fighting for revenge after the defeat of the Sultan and now a joint offensive was being prepared. For this, a very famous temple Somnath in Kathiawar area of ​​Gujarat has been made the center. Somnath was a magnificent temple by the sea, which was a central place among Hindus all over India. The importance of the Shiva idol in the temple can be gauged from the fact that fresh water was brought from the river Ganga on a daily basis for bathing the Shiva idol. Preparations for the war were in full swing when the Sultan prepared for an advance attack. The distance from Ghazni to Somnath is about 2600 km, of which 500 km was the most difficult desert of Cholistan and Rajasthan. In October 1025, the Sultan's army left Ghazni with 30,000 soldiers. After a distance of three months, he encamped near the Somnath Temple in January 1026. Maharajas and princes from all over India were present with their respective armies to guard the temple. The battle began and after a fierce battle, Sultan Mahmud was victorious. The temple was demolished. This is the famous war on which some historians have played an important role in making the caste of Sultan Mahmud a looter. After Somnath, Sultan Mahmood's last battle against India took place in 1027 AD, which stretched from the Indus River to the Beas River. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni remained ill for the last two or three years. He carried out his last war campaign in 1029 in the Iranian region of Ray and defeated the ruler of Ray, Al Buwayh. He is said to have died in Ghazni on 30 April 1030 at the age of 59 from tuberculosis.